Which response metric influenced by damping measures how much the system exceeds its final value?

• A. Overshoot
• B. Settle Time
• C. Rise Time
• D. Peak Time

Answer: (A)

Overshoot measures how much the system's response exceeds its final steady-state value after a stimulus. It comes from transient oscillations in underdamped systems, and damping reduces this peak above the final value. More damping lowers overshoot, and with enough damping there may be no overshoot at all. Overshoot is usually written as a percentage of the final value (Peak value minus Final value, divided by Final value, times 100%). The other metrics describe speed to reach the final value or settle within a tolerance, but overshoot specifically captures the amount by which the response goes above the final value.